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- Breastfeeding a preterm infant and the objectification of breastmilk Linda Sweet
- Abstract
- This paper presents the theme of objectification of breastmilk, which results from long-term breast expression by parents of hospitalised very low birth weight (VLBW) preterm infants. An interpretive phenomenological study, involving 17 Australian parents was undertaken to explore parents' experiences of breastfeeding very low birth weight preterm infants from birth to twelve months of age. The discussion presented here is elicited from 45 individual interviews held with both mothers and fathers, which were then transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis. Objectification of breastmilk was one of the prevalent themes throughout all of the interviews. The effects of this objectification on the parents and their lactational experience will be discussed. Objectification of the breastfeeding experience, it will be shown, is incongruent with the parents' expectations and has a negative impact on their breastfeeding experience.
Breastfeeding Review: 14(1): 5-13
Keywords: breastfeeding, breastmilk, breast expression, objectification, preterm
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- Breastfeeding influences on growth and health at one year of age Wendy H Oddy, Jane A Scott, Kathleen I Graham and Colin W Binns
- Abstract
- Our aim was to determine whether a longer duration of full breastfeeding in early infancy acts positively upon health outcomes. Women participating in a birth cohort study in Perth, Australia were followed-up at regular intervals to 52 weeks. Infant feeding, socio-demographic and health-related data were collected. Infants fully breastfed for less than four weeks compared to infants fully breastfed for four weeks or longer had more health problems (odds ratio (OR) 1.44; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00, 2.08; P = 0.048), more doctor visits (OR 1.55; 95% CI 1.04, 2.33; P = 0.032) and poorer maternal rating of child health (OR 2.42; 95% CI 1.44, 4.06; P = 0.001) at four weeks. By 52 weeks, formula-fed infants were heavier (10138 g vs 9731 g, P = 0.041) and longer (75.6 cm vs 73.7 cm, P = 0.001) than breastfed infants with early regular formula feeding associated with more overweight (P = 0.011). An adverse effect of formula milk on infant health and postnatal weight gain remains of public health relevance.
Breastfeeding Review: 14(1): 15-23
Keywords: breastfeeding, infant formula feeding, child health, child overweight
- The ten steps to successful breastfeeding in Australian hospitals Ava D Walsh, Jan Pincombe and Georgina E Stamp
- Abstract
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Breastfeeding is universally acknowledged as important for the well-being of mothers and babies. The ten steps to successful breastfeeding have been promoted as a means of improving breastfeeding initiation and maintenance. This study aimed to assess the degree of implementation of the ten steps within Australian maternity hospitals and collect breastfeeding rates at discharge. A 55-item questionnaire, modified for Australian conditions, was mailed to all Australian hospitals listed as providing maternity care in the 1998 Hospital and Health Services Yearbook. Of 432 hospitals currently providing maternity care, 387 (90%) responded. High rates of implementation of steps 1a, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 9 were reported. The mean rate of women breastfeeding at discharge, from 283 responses, was 88%. Australian hospitals compare favorably with similar studies in international environments. Results from this study may be used to target areas for improvements in steps 1b, 2, 7 and 10. Australia-wide breastfeeding rates at discharge have not changed since 1983.
Breastfeeding Review: 14(1): 25-31
Keywords: ten steps, breastfeeding, Australian hospitals, baby friendly hospital initiative
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- Breastfeeding, the natural state: Highlights of the ABA conference Peta Harvey
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Breastfeeding Review: 13(3): 5-6
Abstract not available
- Letter to the editor
- Why do women stop breastfeeding? A closer look at 'not enough milk' among Israeli women in the Negev Region Lisa Helen Amir and Julie Cwikel
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the breastfeeding experience of a sample of Israeli women. A random telephone survey of women, aged between 25 and 42, who had children under the age of 18 and were resident in the Negev Region of Israel (N=302), was conducted. Women had an average of three children each (range 1-11) and most breastfed for less than three months. The most common reason given for not breastfeeding or breastfeeding less than three months was 'not enough milk' (90/205; 44%). A four-factor solution was extracted from a factor analysis of the reasons that women gave for stopping breastfeeding before three months or for not initiating breastfeeding. The four factors were: personal concerns (body image, tired, return to work); need help (wants husband to help, child unwell, didn't like breastfeeding), uncomfortable (nipple/breast pain, didn't like breastfeeding) and not confident (not enough milk). Women most frequently report that they stopped breastfeeding because they have insufficient milk, yet the lack of any consistent sociodemographic correlation indicates that this may be a universal way of expressing lack of confidence in breastfeeding
Breastfeeding Review: 13(3): 7-13
Key words: breastfeeding, insufficient milk, factor analysis
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- Breastfeeding: maintaining an irreplaceable immunological resource Miriam H. Labbok, David Clark and Armond S. Goldman
Reprinted from Nature Rev Immunol 2004 4: 565-572
- Abstract
Breastfeeding - the main source of active and passive immunity in the vulnerable early months and years of life - is considered to be the most effective preventive means of reducing the death rate of children under five. Given this, one must wonder why it has slipped quietly down the priorities of the global health and development agendas. In this era of public-private partnerships, can its role as an irreplaceable immunological resource help keep it at the top of global agendas?
Breastfeeding Review: 13(3): 15-22
Reprinted from Nature Reviews Immunology 2004, 4: 565-572
- Turner's Syndrome and breastfeeding Rosemary Parker
- Abstract
Prior to the development of successful in vitro fertilisation techniques (IVF), in particular the donor egg program, women with Turner's Syndrome were not able to conceive or carry a pregnancy to term. Therefore the question of lactation was not an issue for these women. Some associated conditions of Turner's Syndrome and IVF therapy include diabetes, hypertension and elevated stress levels. These conditions and the features of Turner's Syndrome may contribute to difficulty in establishing lactation and require appropriate planning and support for the mother to successfully lactate and establish the breastfeeding of her baby. This report is a case study set in a major regional referral hospital in Victoria, Australia.
Breastfeeding Review: 13(3): 23-25
Key words: Turner's Syndrome, breastfeeding
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- Breastfeeding experiences of Japanese women living in Perth, Australia. Hideko Utaka, Lin Li, Masaharu Kagawa, Mamiko Okada, Naoko Hiramatsu, Colin Binns
- Abstract
The aim of this study was to document the breastfeeding practices of Japanese-Australian mothers living in Perth. A cross-sectional survey of mothers who had delivered babies in Japan or Australia or both was carried out on a sample of 163 mothers recruited through Japanese social and cultural groups in Perth and by a 'snowball' technique. Factors involved in the decision to breastfeed were analysed using multivariate regression analysis. The main outcome measures were the initiation and duration of breastfeeding and cultural beliefs about breastfeeding. Breastfeeding initiation rates of the Japanese-Australian mothers in Japan and in Australia were higher than for other Australians and are consistent with breastfeeding rates in Japan. In Australia, 65% of Japanese-Australian mothers were still breastfeeding at six months. The most common reason for the decision to cease breastfeeding was 'insufficient breastmilk'. The significant factors in breastfeeding duration were 'the time the infant was introduced to infant formula', 'the time when the feeding decision was made', 'doctors support breastfeeding' and 'the mother received enough help from hospital staff'; these were positively associated with the duration of breastfeeding. Japanese mothers take a lot of notice of advice given by health professionals about infant feeding practices.
Keywords: breastfeeding, Australia, Japanese mothers, cultural influences
Breastfeeding Review: 13(2): 5-11
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- Breast hypoplasia and breastfeeding. Virginia Thorley.
- Abstract
Hypoplasia, or glandular insufficiency, of the breasts is an infrequent cause of breastfeeding failure or infant failure to thrive. Early evaluation of the breasts or early identification of infant indicators can enable mothers to breastfeed while providing appropriate supplementation to facilitate satisfactory hydration and growth. A case report is presented of a highly motivated mother with minimal breast tissue who was able to soothe four of her infants at her breasts, supplying some breastmilk, while providing the bulk of their nutritional requirements by other means. At the time of writing, she is tandem breastfeeding as well as providing artificial milk by bottle.
Keywords: breastfeeding, breast hypoplasia, supplemental nursing systems, Australia, tandem breastfeeding
Breastfeeding Review: 13(2): 13-16
- Breastfeeding Friendly Workplace Accreditation - Creating supportive workplaces for breastfeeding women. Sally Eldridge and Anne Croker
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Abstract
The strategies of health promotion, as outlined in the World Health Organisation's Ottawa Charter of Health Promotion provide a good framework for a multifaceted approach to improving breastfeeding rates. The Australian Breastfeeding Association (ABA) utilises the full range of these health promotion strategies. Through the energy and commitment of the nationwide network of the association's volunteers, many beneficial breastfeeding initiatives have been implemented over the past few years. The aim of this paper is to describe one of these initiatives, the ABA's Breastfeeding Friendly Workplace Accreditation program (BFWA), within the context of health promotion. First, a summary of breastfeeding information will be presented, then the program will be described, the support it provides for breastfeeding mothers in the workplace will be outlined and the impact of BFWA since its implementation in 2002 will be examined.
Keywords: breastfeeding, supportive workplace, accreditation
Breastfeeding Review: 13(2): 17-22
- Erratum:
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Cox S 2004, What's normal in the first week after birth? Breastfeeding Review 12(3): 5-7.
Table 1, page 6: Twenty-four hours [corrected to First twenty-four hours]; Forty-eight hours [corrected to Second twenty-four hours]; 500-800 mls of milk per day [corrected to Supply rises to 500-800 mls of milk per day]
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- Milk removal from the breast. Donna T Ramsay and Peter E Hartmann
- Abstract
Abstract not available
Keywords:
Breastfeeding Review: 13(1): 5-7
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- Latch and the fear response: overcoming an obstacle to successfull breastfeeding. Virginia Thorley.
- Abstract
A cringe response, born of fear of anticipated nipple pain, creates behaviours that undermine comfortable latch of baby at breast, resulting in the pain the women feared. Fear is an important response in human survival but sometimes the behaviours resulting from the fear are inappropriate. This case study discusses the psychological processes and specific physical responses observed in a woman who is experiencing nipple pain during breastfeeding. It describes steps that can be taken to assist the mother in identifying what she is doing, educating her about the processes involved, and providing her with strategies to override the inappropriate response.
Keywords: breastfeeding, nipple pain, fear, conditioned response, flinch or freeze response
Breastfeeding Review: 13(1): 9-11
- The challenge of mastitis. C. Michie, F Lockie and W Lynn.
Reprinted from Arch Dis Child 2003, 88: 818-821
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Abstract
The process of lactation and feeding, referred to by some as the final stage of labour is remarkably successful. This phase of infant care has been subjected to considerable evolutionary pressure since the earliest mammals, reptiles and birds diversified. It has allowed thousands of species to occupy a vast range of ecological niches. Yet a significant complication of breast feeding remains inflammation of the lactating tissue: the pathology of mastitis. Mastitis rarely develops outside lactation, although it may affect individuals at any age in relation to congenital lesions such as duct ectasia, chronic disseminated infections such as tuberculosis, or during granulomatous, autoimmune or malignant processes. The immunology and consequences of mastitis as well as its impact on vertical transmission of infection require careful examination.
Keywords:
Breastfeeding Review: 13(1): 13-16
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What's normal in the first week after birth?
Sue Cox
- Abstract
To Come.
Keywords:
- Breastfeeding in Tigray and Gonder, Ethiopia, with special reference to exclusive/almost exclusive breastfeeding beyond six months
Zewditu Getahun, Veronika Scherbaum, Yonas Taffese, Beka Teshome and Hans Konrad Biesalski
- Abstract
This study assesses the initiation and duration of exclusive/almost exclusive breastfeeding (Ex/AEx-BF) versus partial breastfeeding (P-BF) and its relationship to infant growth and maternal body mass index (BMI) in Ethiopian infants up to 12 months of age (Tigray n = 471; Gonder n = 569). Initiation of breastfeeding within 1 hr after birth was 1.7 times more common in Tigray. In Gonder 19% of the mothers started breastfeeding on the third day of delivery and consequently, a significantly higher proportion of newborns were offered prelacteal feeds (P =< 0.000). At six months, 52.2% and 61.5% of mothers in Tigray and Gonder respectively practised Ex/AEx-BF. Perceived lack of breastmilk was a major factor for offering complementary foods before six months. More than 25% of infants in both regions were Ex/AEx-BF up to the eighth month and 16.4% and 15.7% of infants in Tigray and Gonder were still Ex/AEx-BF at the end of the first year. Growth faltered before six months of age but less frequently in Ex/AEx-BF compared to P-BF infants. Malnutrition became obvious after eight months in both groups. Malnourished mothers (BMI < 18.5) offering mixed feeding to their malnourished children (<-2 z-score) below six months of age was higher in both regions compared to the Ex/AEx-BF group (in Gonder 25% vs 5.9%; in Tigray 42.9% vs 33.3%). Nutrition education to raise awareness of mothers regarding initiation of exclusive breastfeeding directly after birth, the value of colostrum and avoidance of pre/postlacteal feeds, needs to be implemented. A new health package to be implemented could be a proper vehicle to reach the rural population, which doesn't have access to health services. The relationship between infant growth, mode of feeding and mothers nutritional status should be further investigated, particularly in populations with a high prevalence of maternal and infant malnutrition and where long term breastfeeding is practiced.
Keywords:
- Breastfeeding the borderline (near term) pre-term infant
Nancy E Wight
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Abstract
To come.
Keywords:
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- Improving community acceptance of breastfeeding in public: A collaborative approach
Rose Boyd and Ellen McIntyre
- Abstract
This project, conducted from 2001 to 2003, reports the results of an action research plan aimed to improve community acceptability of breastfeeding in public through the accreditation and promotion of breastfeeding friendly venues in Australia. The Australian Breastfeeding Association (ABA) along with other breastfeeding support groups, the media, community groups and organisations have collaborated on this project to promote and distribute over 17 000 'Breastfeeding Welcome Here' kits. The strong links established with ABA and the use of their logo have assisted in promotion of the kit and enabled the initiative to be sustainable beyond the project. The identification of breastfeeding friendly venues has provided more places for mothers to breastfeed in a welcoming environment when out of the home, while at the same time communicating to the community that breastfeeding is acceptable anywhere. Information about the national kit and how to obtain copies is located on the ABA website: www.breastfeeding.asn.au.
Keywords:
- Physical exercise and the lactating woman: a qualitative pilot study of mothers' perceptions and experiences
Monica Rich, Janet Currie and Catherine McMahon
- Abstract
This study aimed to explore the lactating woman's perceptions and experiences of physical exercise. Utilising quantitative and qualitative measures, six lactating women ( age = 31.6 years) who had recently given birth and were engaging in regular exercise, took part in open-ended, semi-structured interviews and questionnaires which focused on their individual experiences. The mothers also completed inventories measuring self-esteem, the presence of postnatal depression, and a retrospective survey gauging their preconception, prenatal and current participation in physical activity. The main themes to emerge from the content analysis of the qualitative data included perceived well-being from improved energy and stress levels, and weight control. Some of the mothers stated that exercise affected their breastfeeding in a negative way by possibly reducing their breastmilk supply. All mothers confirmed exercise as enhancing the maternal-infant relationship. It is recommended that future research be conducted into the exercise prescription guidelines for women to enhance breastfeeding success.
Keywords:
- An analysis of the breastfeeding practices of a group of mothers living in Victoria, Australia
Jennifer P James
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Abstract
While breastfeeding is widely acknowledged as the best way to feed babies, few studies have incorporated a holistic approach when attempting to understand breastfeeding 'success' or 'failure'. This study attempted to identify the overall experience of breastfeeding for the women who participated, describe the nature of those experiences and determine which, if any, influences can be modified or changed within the confines of health policy and practice. The study found a range of independent variables that appeared to negatively influence both the experience and the duration of breastfeeding. These variables included antenatal influences such as employment status, education and social support; intrapartal influences such as type of birth, when the first feed occurred and how the mother perceived the first feed and postpartal influences such as introduction of other feeds, multiple problems, where the baby slept overnight and the use of pacifiers. Findings from the study identified a number of modifiable practices that could be developed which would have the potential to increase breastfeeding duration.
Keywords:
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- The influence of context on the success of adoptive breastfeeding: Developing countries and the west
Karleen D Gribble
- Abstract
It is commonly believed that adoptive mothers in developing countries are more successful breastmilk producers than women in the west. A review of published research supports this assertion. However, an examination of the practice of adoptive breastfeeding in developing countries and in the west via the literature reveals differences that may explain the variation in success. Adoptive mothers in developing countries may have greater milk production than mothers in the west because they are more knowledgeable about breastfeeding, practice frequent breastfeeding, remain in close physical contact with their children and live in cultures that are supportive of breastfeeding. They also have reproductive and breastfeeding histories that may make breastfeeding easier, though they are less likely to have pharmaceutical galactagogues available. Adoptive mothers in the west should be encouraged to maximise their milk supply by emulating the mothering styles of women in developing countries and developing a strong support network for breastfeeding. It may be that most adoptive mothers are physically capable of producing sufficient breastmilk for their child but that in the west, sociocultural factors act as preventatives.
Keywords:
- Factors influencing mothers' decision to breastfeed in public
Yvonne L Hauck
- Abstract
Breastfeeding in public was a major theme that emerged in a previous Western Australian study that explored the maternal process of managing breastfeeding and subsequent weaning. This paper highlights the factors that influenced mothers' decisions to breastfeed in public. Confidence with breastfeeding, the ability to be discreet, the mother's body image, previous experience, age of the breastfeeding child, the audience, feelings of the partner, breastfeeding location and perceptions of societal expectations all impacted upon the decision of how to manage breastfeeding in public. Initiatives to promote a breastfeeding friendly community are briefly discussed as well as strategies that participants employed to manage their breastfeeding in public. These findings add to our knowledge on breastfeeding and have implications for how we support breastfeeding women
Keywords:
- Midwives' knowledge of newborn feeding ability and reported practice managing the first breastfeed
Ruth Cantrill, Debra Creedy and Marie Cooke
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Abstract
Continuous uninterrupted skin-to-skin contact is known to facilitate newborn transition to extrauterine life, the ability to actively find the nipple and establishment of effective breastfeeding but is not promoted consistently in practice. The Newborn Feeding Ability Questionnaire (NFAQ) was developed to measure midwives' knowledge and practice in supporting the first breastfeed. The NFAQ was administered to 3 500 midwives in Australia through a mailed survey. A response rate of 31.6% (n=1 105) was achieved and the sample was representative of the national midwifery population for age, sex, education and experience. Mean total score for knowledge was 85.94 (range 40-110 out of 110, SD=10.55) and mean practice score was 95.89 (range 57-117 out of 120, SD=9.19). Knowledge of newborn feeding ability was consistently associated with best practice in managing the first breastfeed. Almost all midwives reported that skin-to-skin contact for newborn infants immediately after birth was important, but few understood the significance of 'continuous uninterrupted' skin-to-skin contact to facilitate correct attachment and effective suckling. One-third reported separating mother and baby for routine interventions before allowing the opportunity to demonstrate pre-feeding behaviour or actually breastfeed. Although midwives attempt to ensure the first breastfeed is facilitated soon after birth, the practice of continuous uninterrupted skin-to-skin contact seems poorly understood and not uniformly practised. Further research is needed to investigate how midwives teach mothers' positioning and attachment for the first breastfeed. Education of midwives so they can optimally facilitate the first breastfeed is required to improve breastfeeding initiation rates.
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- The first breastfeed: A content analysis of midwifery textbooks Marie Cooke RN MSPD PhD
Ruth Cantrill RM IBCLC BN M Mid(Hons)
Debra Creedy RN BA(Hons) PhD
- Abstract
This paper reviews content related to the first breastfeed in textbooks commonly used in midwifery education programs in Australia. Few scholars have critically examined the adequacy of such information for evidence-based midwifery practice. Five midwifery textbooks were chosen for content analysis specifically related to: skin-to-skin contact for newborn adaptation; orientation and coordination; suckling for effective breastfeeding; instructions to facilitate breastfeeding initiation; breast structure and function; and breastfeeding promotion. A score was calculated with the maximum possible total of 105. The content analysis scores ranged from 35 to 54, with two texts (Lowdermilk, Perry & Bobak 2000; Sweet 1997) scoring 54. Skin-to-skin contact to facilitate breastfeeding initiation is not well promoted in popular midwifery textbooks. Further research to promote midwives' access to evidence-based research for effective midwifery practice in relation to breastfeeding initiation is required.
Keywords: content analysis, midwifery practice, initiation, breastfeeding, skin-to-skin, evidence-based practice
Breastfeeding Review 2003; 11(3): 5-11
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- Chinese mothers' knowledge and attitudes about breastfeeding in Perth, Western Australia Lin Li BSc Grad Dip Hlth Sc
Min Zhang BM Grad Dip Hlth Sc PhD
Colin W Binns MBBS MPH PhD FRACGP FACOM FAFPHM
- Abstract
The objective of the research was to describe Chinese-Australian (Mandarin speaking) mother's knowledge about and attitudes towards breastfeeding. Data for this cross-sectional survey was obtained by telephone interviews conducted in Mandarin. A sample of 506 Mandarin speaking women was recruited and interviewed in Perth, Western Australia. The majority came from mainland China (81.6%), were aged between 23 and 59 years, and had some tertiary education (76.3%). Most of the mothers (90.9%) indicated that they supported breastfeeding for all infants and most had some knowledge about the benefits of breastfeeding. The main reasons that mothers thought women stop breastfeeding were not having enough breastmilk and going back to work or study. The higher the family income, the less preference toward breastfeeding. These findings highlight the significance of social and cultural factors that impact on the women's decisions to initiate and maintain of breastfeeding.
Keywords: knowledge, attitudes, breastfeeding, Chinese, migrants
Breastfeeding Review 2003; 11(3): 13-19
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- Breasts and breastfeeding: Perspectives of women in the early months after birthing Mary Harris RM BNHons IBCLC
Robyn Nayda RN RM BN(ed) PhD
Annette Summers RM BN MEd PhD
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Abstract
Over recent years there has been widespread recognition and education about the benefits of breastfeeding. However as many Australian women breastfeed for only a few weeks, education alone appears inadequate to improve breastfeeding duration. This study explored other influences on breastfeeding by looking at women's perceptions of their breasts in relationship to their breastfeeding experiences. Six women were recruited at approximately three months postpartum. The hermeneutic phenomenology of Heidegger (1962) and Gadamer (1975) was the chosen methodology. Individual, unstructured, indepth, conversational interviews were employed and analysed using Colaizzi's (1978) framework, which was modified to manage the large amount of data. Two patterns of differing focus emerged from the interviews, 'mixed images of the breasts' and 'journey through the unknown of breastfeeding and new motherhood'. Each pattern was divided into six and seven related themes respectively.
Keywords: breastfeeding, breasts, early months, maternal perceptions
Breastfeeding Review 2003; 11(3): 21-29
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- The relationship between positioning, the breastfeeding dynamic, the latching process and pain in breastfeeding mothers with sore nipples Anna Blair PhD
Karin Cadwell PhD RN IBCLC
Cindy Turner-Maffei MA IBCLC
Kajsa Brimdyr PhD
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Abstract
In recognition of the irrefutable disadvantages of not breastfeeding to the mother, baby, society and the environment, increasing the duration of breastfeeding has become a focus of national and international health objectives. However, many mothers experience such painful sore nipples that they stop breastfeeding before they intended. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between various aspects of optimal breastfeeding (eg the positioning of the baby at the mother's breast, the positioning of the baby's head and mouth, the breastfeeding dynamic and the latching process) using a guided assessment and documentation tool and the breastfeeding mother's level of reported pain on a five-point verbal descriptor scale.
Ninety-five healthy postpartum breastfeeding mothers who sequentially reported sore nipples within ten days of giving birth to healthy, term babies in a hospital in Latvia participated in the study. Each mother's midwife observed, assessed and documented a breastfeed using a guidance assessment form, the Lactation Assessment Tool (LATTM). Each mother scored her own pain during breastfeeding. Four attribute categories were scored and examined as related to the pain levels of the mother: the baby's face position (chin and nose and head position, cheekline, lip flange and angle of mouth opening); the baby's body position (height at the breast, body rotation and body in relation to mother's body); the breastfeeding dynamic (change in nursing pattern (suck vs swallow) and movement of mother's breast) and the latching process of the baby (root, gape, seal and suck).
No significant difference was found between the mother's level of reported pain and the assessed head position, body position or breastfeeding dynamic attributes of the baby. However, more optimal latching process behaviour of the baby (rooting, gaping, sealing, and sucking behaviour) are slightly related to lower levels of reported pain (r(88) = -0.09, p>0.05). This should serve to remind clinicians that no one aspect of positioning may be more critical than another. Assessment of breastfeeding should be comprehensive and should begin before the infant is at the breast. Early stages of the infant's breast seeking behaviours should be observed as well as the actual feeding.
Keywords: positioning, breastfeeding, latching process, pain, sore nipples
Breastfeeding Review 2003; 11(2): 5-10
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- What stories do mothers tell about their experiences in learning how to breastfeed? Sue Smith GradCert(Counselling) BEd(Hons)(Adult Ed)
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Abstract
This qualitative study examines the experience of breastfeeding in contemporary society. Seven women who intended to, and did, initiate breastfeeding took part in individual, audio-taped, semi-structured interviews in their own homes in Sydney, Australia, during the months of October 2000 through to January 2001. The interviews allowed participants to share their own stories of their breastfeeding experience. The breastfeeding experiences were disconcerting but not as difficult as expected from their common knowledge. The participants' view of breastfeeding, of breastfeeding in public, working and child care are discussed.
Keywords: breastfeeding in public, working and child care, perceptions
Breastfeeding Review 2003; 11(2): 13-18
- Does maternal smoking have a negative physiological effect on breastfeeding? The epidemiological evidence Lisa Helen Amir MBBS MMed IBCLC
Susan M Donath BSc MA GradDipCompSc
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Abstract
Women who smoke are less likely to breastfeed their children than nonsmokers. It is thought that nicotine has a negative effect on breastmilk supply by suppressing prolactin levels. The aim of this review was to assess the epidemiological evidence that maternal smoking has a negative physiological effect on breastfeeding. The following data sources were searched: The Cochrane Library, Medline, CINAHL, Current Contents, Psychinfo, Sociological Abstracts and the Lactation Resource Centre (Australian Breastfeeding Association) using the key words 'smoking' and 'breastfeeding' or 'infant feeding'. The Journal of Human Lactation and Birth were hand searched. Women who smoke are less likely to intend to breastfeed, less likely to initiate breastfeeding, and likely to breastfeed for a shorter duration than nonsmokers. Several studies have found a dose-response relationship between the number of cigarettes smoked each day and breastfeeding intention, initiation, and duration that persists after adjusting for confounding factors. In some population groups a high proportion of smokers breastfeed successfully. The association between maternal smoking and lack of breastfeeding is consistent across different study designs in a range of countries. Given that women who smoke are less likely to intend to breastfeed, however, it cannot be assumed that the relationship between smoking and duration of breastfeeding is a physiological one. If smoking had a consistent negative physiological effect on lactation, one would not expect to see such wide variations in breastfeeding rates among women who smoke. Therefore, it is likely that psychosocial factors are largely responsible for the lower rates of breastfeeding found in women who smoke compared with those who do not.
Keywords: smoking, breastfeeding, infant feeding
Breastfeeding Review 2003; 11(2): 19-29
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- Implementing the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative: The role of finger feeding Wendy H Oddy BAppSc MPH PhD Karen Glenn SRN SCM IBCLC
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Abstract
The aim of our study was to assess the effectiveness of finger feeding in encouraging a breastfeeding-type suck in preterm infants. Through identification of a baby who was developing a suck technique or was discovered to have a faulty technique, we hypothesised that preterm breastfeeding rates could be increased by correcting the suck technique of the infant, whilst being cared for in the Special Care Nursery (SCN). The study was conducted on discharge from the SCN at two time periods, before and after the introduction of the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) in one hospital in Perth, Western Australia.
Prior to BFHI, 44% of preterm infants were breastfed on discharge from the SCN compared to 71% post BFHI implementation. We have shown, using a pre- and post-breastfeeding health promotion initiative within a maternity hospital, that preterm breastfeeding rates can be increased on discharge from the SCN.
Keywords: preterm, breastfeeding, finger feeding, Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative
Breastfeeding Review 2003; 11(1): 5-9
- Mary Paton Research Award
- How do women learn about breastfeeding and what are the implications for breastfeeding education? Sue Smith GradCertCounselling BEd(Hons) AdultEd
- Abstract
This qualitative study provides an insight into how seven women experienced breastfeeding within the social context of contemporary society. It presents an analysis of their understanding of the meaning of breastfeeding, and the interactions and problem-solving methods they used as they learnt to breastfeed. Findings suggest breastfeeding is multi-faceted and the influence of significant others, the introduction of solid foods and the choice of where breastfeeding advice is sought is discussed.
Keywords: printed information, significant others, weaning, introduction of infant foods
Breastfeeding Review 2003; 11(1): 13-20
- Baby Friendly Hospital Practices: Caesarean section is a persistent barrier to early initiation of breastfeeding Heather J Rowe-Murray BSc(Hons) PhD
Jane RW Fisher BSc(Hons) PhD MAPS
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Abstract
Documented barriers to the implementation of Step Four of the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative, which relates to early initiation of breastfeeding, have not considered the impact of operative intervention in delivery on achievement of the goal. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that hospital practices in the immediate postpartum period that are associated with operative intervention in delivery can affect first mother-infant contact and initiation of breastfeeding.
In a prospective, longitudinal study, a sociodemographically representative sample of 203 primiparous women was recruited. Participants were interviewed at two days postpartum in metropolitan hospitals in Melbourne, Australia, and medical records were inspected. At eight months postpartum 81 percent of participants completed a postnatal questionnaire. Three mode-of-delivery groups (spontaneous vaginal delivery, instrumentally assisted vaginal delivery and caesarean section) and four hospital-of-delivery groups (including one accredited Baby Friendly Hospital) were compared.
Two-way ANOVA revealed that women who had a caesarean section experienced a significant delay in initiating breastfeeding compared with women giving birth vaginally, with or without instrumental assistance (p < 0.001). Significant differences in this aspect of care were also observed among hospitals, with the Baby-Friendly hospital performing significantly better than the other three hospitals (p<0.001). An effect due to mode of delivery alone was demonstrated that could not be abolished by differences in hospital practices (p=0.231). Nevertheless, shorter elapsed time between birth and initiation of breastfeeding was not significantly associated with continuation of breastfeeding at eight months postpartum (p=0.642).
The findings confirmed that caesarean section was a significant barrier to the implementation of the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative Step Four and that hospital practices were amenable to changes that enabled its implementation regardless of the mode of delivery.
Keywords: caesarean section, initiation, breastfeeding
Breastfeeding Review 2003; 11(1): 21-27
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- The impact of breastmilk on infant and child health Wendy Oddy Oddy BAppSc MPH PhD
- Abstract
Infant-formula-feeding is inferior to breastfeeding because human milk provides specific and non-specific factors that have long-term consequences for early metabolism and the development of disease. Human milk enhances the immature immunologic system of the neonate and strengthens host defense mechanisms against infective and other foreign agents. Some mechanisms that explain active stimulation of the infant's immune system by breastfeeding are the bioactive factors in human milk such as hormones, growth factors and colony stimulating factors, as well as specific nutrients.
Human milk may reduce the incidence of disease in infancy because mammalian evolution promotes a survival advantage. In addition, factors in milk promote gastrointestinal mucosal maturation, decrease the incidence of infection, alter gut microflora, and have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory functions. Hormones, growth factors and cytokines in human milk may modulate the development of disease. Furthermore breastfed babies have reduced exposure to foreign dietary antigen.
Following the termination of breastfeeding, there is evidence of ongoing protection against illness due to protective influences on the immune system mediated via human milk. Industry continues to attempt to improve infant formula with the addition of compounds such as fatty acids, oligosaccharides, nucleotides and lactoferrin. However, human milk has such far-reaching effects on the infant's immune response that optimal development depends heavily on its provision. All mothers should be encouraged and supported to continue breastfeeding for six months and beyond in order to promote the good health of their infants.
Keywords: breastfeeding, infections, long-term effects, child health
Breastfeeding Review2002; 10(3): 5-18
- Breastfeeding intentions and outcomes of adolescent mothers in the Starting Out program Kaye Greenwood RM BAppSc(AdvNsg)Ed GradDipNsg(ChildFamilyHealth)
Patsy Littlejohn BSc MEd GradDipDataCollectionAnalysis
- Abstract
Studies of adolescent mothers have shown that they have a lower rate of breastfeeding than older mothers. This study explores the breastfeeding intentions and outcomes of adolescents attending the Starting Out program of UnitingCare Connections. Starting Out is a community-based program for pregnant and parenting young women up to the age of 25 years. The program offers young women counselling, antenatal support and education, supported accommodation, outreach support, and information. Antenatal support and education are an important part of the service offered to pregnant young women at Starting Out. Of the pregnant young women in the study 97.6% said they wanted to breastfeed, with 82.8% breastfeeding on discharge from hospital. However, the number of young women still breastfeeding at three and six months fell to levels lower than these rates for older women. Furthermore, 48.5% of the young women breastfed for a shorter period than they intended to breastfeed. The factors influencing these results are discussed. Although young women are less likely to breastfeed than older women, this study has shown that the Starting Out program has had positive breastfeeding outcomes for young women who were involved in the antenatal classes.
Keywords: adolescents, breastfeeding
Breastfeeding Review 2002; 10(3): 19-23
- Mary Paton Research Award
- A descriptive survey of data collection in breastfeeding Services at Victorian maternity hospitals Ruth Bergman RN RM BAppSc MPH
Lisa H Amir MBBS MMed IBCLC
Lyndsey Watson BSc MSc
- Abstract
An increasing number of breastfeeding clinics have been established in Victoria, Australia since 1994. The aim of this study was to identify hospital breastfeeding clinics in the state of Victoria and to examine their methods of data collection. A further aim was to investigate the feasibility of developing a standard, minimum data-set or attendance registration form for breastfeeding clinics. A postal questionnaire was sent to 82 Victorian maternity hospitals in September 2000. The response rate was 93% (76/82); 81% (62/76) indicated a need for a standard form. The 37 hospitals (49%) that provide a breastfeeding clinic collect a variable amount of information from their clients. Thirteen breastfeeding clinics are provided by maternity hospitals with over 1000 births annually, and they see an average of nine women per week (range 2-18). The collection of standard information would enable a comprehensive description of individual breastfeeding clinic services and comparison between service providers. This could act as the starting point for evaluating breastfeeding clinic service accessibility, profile of usage and the impact on breastfeeding outcomes.
Keywords: breastfeeding clinic, minimum data-set, postal survey
Breastfeeding Review 2002; 10(3): 25-29
- Research summaries
- Lactation courses, conferences, seminars and examinations
- Instructions to authors
Top
- The path of determination: Exploring the lived experience of breastfeeding difficulties. Yvonne Hauck RN RM PhD, Diana Langton RN RM BN IBCLC, Karen Coyle RN RM MN
- Abstract
Breastfeeding is the method of choice for infants and most women support the statement that 'breast is best'. Although the majority of Australian women do initiate breastfeeding, many also encounter difficulties in what they assume to be an easy, natural process. Additionally, a number of women face difficulties significant enough to warrant additional support from resources such as the Breastfeeding Centre of Western Australia. Managing these difficulties influences mothers' perceptions of their breastfeeding experiences. However, the stories of these women have not been addressed in the literature. This phenomenological study explored the lived experiences of mothers with breastfeeding difficulties, who presented to the Breastfeeding Centre of Western Australia. In-depth interviews with ten women revealed three main themes: 'path of determination', 'staying on the path', and 'coming off the path'. The study contributes to the body of knowledge on infant feeding and provides insight to health care professionals working with breastfeeding women.
Keywords: breastfeeding, lived experience, support
Breastfeeding Review 2002; 10(2): 5-12
- Breastfeeding: Reasons for starting, reasons for stopping and problems along the way. Colin W Binns MBBS MPH FRACGP FAFOM FAFPHM, Jane A Scott BAppSc GradDipDietetics MPH PhD
- Abstract
The objective of this study was to describe the problems experienced by mothers when breastfeeding and the impact that these problems have on breastfeeding duration. A cohort of 556 mothers who birthed in Perth, Western Australia were recruited to study their infant feeding practices. The mothers were interviewed in hospital and again at 2, 6, 10, 14, 18 and 24 weeks postpartum, or until they ceased to breastfeed. The results showed that most mothers were not prepared to experience any difficulties or problems with breastfeeding. Twelve per cent of the mothers left hospital without having attempted to breastfeed. The most common reasons given for infant-formula-feeding related to previous problems with breastfeeding, the ability of husbands to assist with feeding and perceived ease of bottle-feeding. While in hospital 83% of breastfeeding women stated that they had experienced one or more problems related to breastfeeding. Two weeks after leaving hospital 29% of breastfeeding mothers were experiencing problems and the prevalence of problems continued to decline, reaching 13% at six months. In this study the most common reason cited by mothers for stopping breastfeeding before the baby was two weeks old, was that their baby was unsettled, a behaviour often interpreted by mothers as indicating an insufficient milk supply. Levels of anxiety over milk supply reached 23% in the early stages of breastfeeding, and a number of mothers were still experiencing anxiety through to six months. Anxiety over the sufficiency of breastmilk supply was the most serious problem, in that it often resulted in the cessation of breastfeeding. Most mothers experience some problems during breastfeeding, especially in the early stages. Proper advice and management is required to ensure that the problems do not lead to cessation of breastfeeding.
Keywords: breastfeeding; problems; anxiety over milk supply; duration
Breastfeeding Review 2002; 10(2): 13-19
- Video review
- Lactation courses, conferences, seminars and examinations
- Using pacifiers: What are breastfeeding mothers doing? Colin W Binns MBBS MPH FRACGP FAFPHM, Jane A Scott BAppSc GradDipDietetics MPH PhD
- Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify the impact of pacifier use on the duration of breastfeeding amongst Australian women. A cohort of 556 mothers who delivered in Perth, Western Australia was recruited to study their infant feeding practices. The mothers were interviewed in hospital and again at 2, 6, 10, 14, 18 and 24 weeks postpartum, or until they ceased to breastfeed. At two weeks 62% of breastfed babies were using a pacifier, increasing to a peak of 78% at six weeks. Infants who were using a pacifier had slightly fewer feeds each day at every age period (for example 6.9 versus 7.4 feeds at six weeks of age), but there was no difference in the number of night feeds. A recent study suggested that the mothers resorted to the use of pacifiers when they were having problems breastfeeding, and any impact of pacifiers on breastfeeding duration was due to confounding factors. However in this longitudinal study, after adjusting for the presence of breastfeeding problems, the use of a pacifier at two weeks was associated with reduced likelihood of breastfeeding to six months (odds ratio 0.40, 95%CI 0.25-0.63). Based on the results of this study we concluded that the use of a pacifier at two weeks of age reduced the likely duration of breastfeeding to six months. A possible mechanism of action was the reduced number of daily feeds in breastfed infants that would reduce breast stimulation. If mothers choose to use a pacifier they should introduce it later and use it infrequently.
Key words: breastfeeding, pacifiers, duration
Breastfeeding Review 2002; 10(2): 21-25
- Initial infant feeding decisions and duration of breastfeeding in women from English, Arabic and Chinese-speaking backgrounds in Australia. Caroline SE Homer RM PhD, Athena Sheehan RM MN, Margaret Cooke RM BA (Hons) PhD
- Abstract
Anecdotally, concerns are often expressed about the varying infant feeding decisions among women from different cultural groups. This paper reports the early infant feeding decisions and duration of breastfeeding in 986 women from English, Chinese and Arabic-speaking backgrounds in Sydney during 1997 and 1998. Data were collected from an audit of medical records and through a questionnaire at eight weeks postpartum. Chinese-speaking women were less likely to express an intention to breastfeed and fewer initiated breastfeeding compared with other women. Arabic-speaking women had significantly longer duration rates compared with other women. A greater proportion of the Chinese-speaking women who initiated breastfeeding, were still breastfeeding at eight weeks compared with English-speaking women. This study suggests that there are differences in the infant feeding decisions between English, Arabic and Chinese-speaking women. Clinicians need to further understand cultural differences when providing care, education and support in a multicultural context.
Key words: breastfeeding, Arabic and Chinese-speaking women, decisions, practices
Breastfeeding Review 2002; 10(2): 27-32
- Research summaries
- Instructions to authors
Top
- Breastfeeding articles in the Australian press: 1996-1999. Judith Manniën MSc, Winette E. van den Brandhof MSc, Dr Ellen McIntyre MSc, PhD, IBCLC, Prof Janet E. Hiller BA, MPH, PhD
- Abstract
The mass print media provide an opportunity to promote health messages to the general community. This paper examines articles on breastfeeding in the mass print media available to a low socioeconomic area in Australia over a four-year period from 1996 to 1999. Between January 1996 and December 1999, 334 breastfeeding articles were identified in the four main newspapers available in a low socioeconomic metropolitan area. Breastfeeding messages presented by the articles were examined using content analysis. While most articles presented a neutral message about breastfeeding (43%), more articles presented a positive message (35%) than a negative message (14%). Twenty-two percent of the articles were letters to the editor, and only 1.3% of the articles were accompanied by photos of a baby being breastfed. Fifty-five articles discussed breastfeeding in public making it the most common breastfeeding issue mentioned. Breastfeeding is an emotive issue and could be more actively supported and promoted by publishing more newspaper articles that present a positive message of breastfeeding, more positive headlines, and more breastfeeding photos.
Key words: mass print media, breastfeeding, content analysis
Breastfeeding Review 2002; 10(1): 5-10
- Mary Paton Research Award
- Breastfeeding difficulty and pacifier use. Nikki Lee RN MSN IBCLC CIMI
- Abstract
Research about pacifiers used in the healthy, term infant shows that they are associated with shortened breastfeeding duration, acute otitis media, and may be a marker for breastfeeding difficulty. This case study describes a situation where latch was faulty from the beginning, and a pacifier was introduced when the thriving baby was two and a half weeks old. The baby's average number of daily feeds dropped from 14 breastfeeds a day to nine breastfeeds. The baby's rate of weight gain dropped from 1135 g (2 lb 7 oz) gain in the first 16 days of life, down to a gain of 180 g (6 oz) over the next 15 days. The baby's fussiness and the mother's nipple soreness disappeared after a lactation consultant helped the mother to correct the latch and stop using the pacifier. While it is not possible to say that the pacifier caused slower weight gain, less frequent breastfeeds or nipple soreness, it would seem to be implicated in the changes.
Keywords: breastfeeding, frequency of feeds, nipple soreness, pacifier
Breastfeeding Review 2002; 10(1): 11-13
- Video reviews
- Book reviews
- Letters to the editor
- Breastfeeding and Staphylococcus aureus: Three case reports. Lisa Amir MBBS MMed IBCLC
- Abstract
This paper presents three case reports of breastfeeding women with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infections. The first case is a woman who developed recurrent staphylococcal skin infections, misdiagnosed as a fungal infection by her caregivers. The second case is a woman who experienced recurrent mastitis following a severe wound infection in her Caesarean section scar; both she and her baby were carriers of S. aureus. The third case is a woman who experienced mastitis and a breast abscess, while her baby and other members of the family developed recurrent boils and skin infections with a methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). A wide range of staphylococcal infections may occur in the postpartum period: mastitis, abscess, caesarean scar infection, boils and skin infection. Some cases of recurrent infections may be related to nasal carriage in mother or infant. Microscopy can be useful in differentiating bacterial infections from fungal infections and confirming nasal carriage. When mothers or infants are nasal carriers of Staphylococci health professionals may recommend nasal mupirocin (Bactroban) and bathing with antiseptic washes to reduce recurrent staphylococcal infections.
Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, bacterial infection, nasal carriage, mastitis, abscess
Breastfeeding Review 2002; 10(1): 15-18
- Complementary feeding patterns in Pondok Labu, South Jakarta, Indonesia. Anneke Greta MSc, Gustaaf Sevenhuysen PhD, Ursula Gross PhD, Soemilah Sastroamidjojo Prof Dr MD
- Abstract
This paper explores the sociocultural aspects in the reasons mothers gave for terminating exclusive breastfeeding. These sociocultural aspects were anticipated to influence the variance between actual breastfeeding practice and the current recommendations for exclusive breastfeeding. The complementary feeding patterns and the reasons for introducing complementary foods were assessed using a dietary recall called the Food Choice Map, in a sample of 40 mothers living in a sub-district of South Jakarta. The results showed that the most common reason for introducing first foods in this study was 'insufficient breastmilk'. The influential social factors, including parents, friends and medical professionals were identified. The feeding pattern of the infants in the first six months was highly variable, and commercial baby food was frequently used. We suggest that, even though current exclusive breastfeeding recommendations are beneficial, their promotion should be more sensitive to the social reality of the mothers.
Keywords: exclusive breastfeeding, complementary feeding, insufficient breastmilk, culture, society
Breastfeeding Review 2002; 10(1): 19-24
- Maternal dietary advice as an artifact of time and culture: Post-World War II Queensland. Virginia Thorley OAM ThA MA DipEd GradCertTESOL IBCLC
- Abstract
Dietary advice to breastfeeding mothers in post-World War II Queensland, 1945-1965, was not evidence-based, but based on cultural beliefs. Diet-based recommendations for boosting the breastmilk yield included increased intake of milk and protein foods, food supplements, especially chocolate-flavoured supplements, and tablets. Although community beliefs about foods to be avoided during lactation were reflected in informal advice, foods such as green leafy vegetables were specifically recommended by the print materials of the period as part of a healthy diet during breastfeeding.
Keywords: maternal diet, breastfeeding, cocoa, vegetables, post-World War II
Breastfeeding Review 2002; 10(1): 25-29
- Research summaries
- Lactation courses, conferences, seminars and examinations
- Instructions to authors
Top
- Inducing lactation: A personal account after gestational 'surrogate motherhood' between sisters Maggie Kirkman and Linda Kirkman. Maggie Kirkman PhD MAPS,
Linda Kirkman BA DipEd DipHlthSci
- Abstract
In Australia in 1988, Linda Kirkman gestated a baby for her sister, Maggie Kirkman (conceived using Maggie's ovum and IVF). During the pregnancy, a variety of means were used to stimulate lactation. After the birth, several women donated breastmilk as supplements to Maggie's supply. The paper discusses not only the induction of lactation, but the cooperation of women, that enabled a baby to be fed breastmilk exclusively for her first four months.
Keywords: induced lactation, expressed breastmilk, Supply Line, gestational surrogacy
Breastfeeding Review 2001; 9(3): 5-11
- Book reviews
- Breastfeeding Ancient Art Modern Miracle
- Mother-to-mother support for women breastfeeding in unusual circumstances: A new method for an old model. Karleen Gribble BRurSc PhD
-
Abstract
Support is critical for breastfeeding success. Mother-to-mother support via groups such as La Leche League and the Australian Breastfeeding Association, formerly Nursing Mothers' Association of Australia, is helpful to mothers in average circumstances. However, for women who are in more unusual circumstances, this support may be inadequate on its own. With the advent of the Internet, this problem has been decreased through the formation of Internet breastfeeding support groups. An Internet mailing list for women wishing to breastfeeding their adopted children was used to investigate how Internet groups may provide breastfeeding support. Members of the mailing list were surveyed on issues relevant to breastfeeding support. It was identified that the mailing list overcame the problems of geographical isolation, lack of appropriate information and support and a sense of feeling alone. It is concluded that Internet breastfeeding support groups can provide mother-to-mother support to those breastfeeding in unusual circumstances. Those assisting women to breastfeed may refer women to these groups, use the groups as a resource in educating themselves or offer their knowledge and experience to such groups as a resource.
Key words: adoption, Internet, support, induced lactation
Breastfeeding Review 2001; 9(3): 13-19
- Video reviews
- Letters to the editor
- Initiating breastfeeding in postwar Queensland. Virginia Thorley OAM ThA MA DipEd GradCert TESOL IBCLC
-
Abstract
The aim of this article, part of a larger study (Thorley 2000), was to determine and examine the practices which surrounded the initiation of breastfeeding in Queensland maternity hospitals in the postwar period, 1945-1965. Although it was assumed that mothers would breastfeed, and sound advice was available on how to achieve a good latch, the often arbitary delay of the first breastfeed, and consistently restrictive practices surrounding the frequency and duration of the feeds, were not conducive to an optimal start in breastfeeding. Staff shortages compounded the situation. Mothers felt powerless and were commonly not informed about whether their babies were being complemented with pooled breastmilk or artificial infant milk in the central nursery, nor were they asked permission for these to be given to their babies. Pooled breastmilk from the postnatal wards was available throughout this period, though in the latter part of this period there appears to have been an increase in the use of artificial milks.
Keywords: breastfeeding, maternity hospitals, Queensland, postwar, midwives
Breastfeeding Review 2001; 9(3): 21-26
- Lactation courses, conferences and seminars
- Community attitudes to infant feeding. Ellen McIntyre MSc PhD IBCLC, Janet E Hiller BA MPH PhD, Deborah Turnbull BA(Hons) MPsych PhD Senior Lecturer
-
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was designed to describe the social context in which breastfeeding occurs by examining experiences of and attitudes toward infant feeding within the general community. Of the 2500 randomly selected adults who participated in the telephone survey, 61% had been breastfed, the youngest child of 52% of participants (who were also parents) had been mainly breastfed but 58% of babies seen by participants were bottle-fed. The attitudes examined in this survey suggest there was little support for breastfeeding, particularly outside the home. Over 80% of participants agreed that bottle-feeding was more acceptable in public places and 70% agreed there was not always a place to breastfeed when outside the home. In addition, bottle-feeding was considered easier and more convenient indicating the social environment was not very breastfeeding friendly. Interventions to enhance environmental support for breastfeeding need to focus on reducing these barriers so that breastfeeding in public is more acceptable and breastfeeding in general is easier and more convenient.
Keywords: infant feeding, community attitudes, cross-sectional study, social environment
Breastfeeding Review 2001; 9(3): 27-33
- Research summaries
- Instructions to authors
- Mary Paton Research Award
Top
In this issue...
Wendy Oddy reviews the evidence that breastfeeding protects against illness and infection in infants and children. Colin Binns and Lianawati Tjiang present their research into the breastfeeding knowledge of Indonesian students studying at Curtin University in Perth. Their paper is the first step in the inclusion of breastfeeding education in these students' program. Heather Purnell provides a practical summary of the issues infants and mothers with PKU face and how they can manage their diets. Susan Arbon provides information on the development of a breastfeeding questionnaire and the steps she took to develop a questionnaire that would provide reliable responses from study participants. The research summaries again provide some interesting reading. All letters to the editor are welcome.
Kim Boyd
- Indonesian students' knowledge of breastfeeding Lianawati Tjiang and Colin Binns
- World Health Assembly Resolution
- Breastfeeding protects against illness and infection in infants and children: a review of the evidence Wendy Oddy
- Phenylketonuria and maternal phenylketonuria Heather Purnell
- Letter to the editor
- Book reviews
- The reliability of a breastfeeding questionnaire Susan Arbon and Jen Byrne
- Video reviews
- Courses/conferences/seminars/examinations
- Research summaries
- Instructions to authors
Top
- Mastitis in lactating women: physiology or pathology? Cathy Fetherston RM MSc IBCLC
-
Abstract: Mastitis is a significant problem amongst lactating women yet there remains a paucity of scientific research into the anatomical, physiological and pathological determinants for mastitis. There is also scant knowledge regarding the physiological changes occurring within the breast as a result of mastitis. This paper examines the available research and current clinical and scientific opinion concerning the breast's response to inflammation and infection and the numerous influences that may impact upon the development of mastitis. In particular, the difficulties associated with differentiating between infective and non-infective mastitis are discussed.
Keywords: mastitis, infective mastitis, non-infective mastitis, lactation
Breastfeeding Review 2001; 9(1): 5-12
- Attitudes towards infant feeding among adults in a low socioeconomic community: what social support is there for breastfeeding?
Ellen McIntyre MSc PhD IBCLC, Janet Hiller BA MPH PhD and Deborah Turnbull BA(Hons) MPsych PhD
-
Abstract: An analysis of the role of social support in influencing breastfeeding in a low socioeconomic area in South Australia was undertaken by examining infant feeding attitudes and experiences of mothers, fathers and grandmothers as well as the general community. A random telephone survey of over 3,400 adults (including a more extensive survey of 373 mothers, fathers and grandmothers in the sample) in this area indicated that there was little support for breastfeeding compared to bottle-feeding with similar barriers to breastfeeding found in all target groups as well as the general community. These included breastfeeding in public, the convenience of bottle-feeding, maternal discomfort of breastfeeding, the support required for breastfeeding, fathers' involvement with feeding, and a mother's previous experience of breastfeeding. Strategies promoting and supporting breastfeeding should address these issues and should be directed at the community in general rather than specific groups within the community.
Keywords: infant feeding, attitudes, social support, low socioeconomic
Breastfeeding Review 2000; 9(1): 13-24
- Letter to the editor
- Book reviews
- What is normal? A study of normal breastfeeding dyads during the first sixty hours of life Stephanie BensonRN CM GradDipAdvMidwifery IBCLC C FHNcert
-
Abstract:The aim of the study was to describe breastfeeding behaviour during the first 60 hours of life of 'normal' dyads. The Infant Breastfeeding Assessment Tool (IBFAT) was used on a convenience sample of 37 mother-baby dyads. Individual dyads were assessed and then the group was combined to seek underlying patterns. Average time between feeds was 3.36 + - 0.17 hours. There was a marked diurnal pattern of feeding. Parity affected the rate at which high feeding ability scores were achieved, while the majority of babies were achieving high scores within 24 hours of birth. The results provide a baseline against which future research on interventions during labour and its effect on breastfeeding initiation can be compared.
Keywords: mother-baby dyad, breastfeeding, normal, IBFAT
Breastfeeding Review 9(1): 27-32
- Research summaries
- Video reviews
- Courses/conferences/seminars
- Index for 2000
Top
- Support for breastfeeding in the first postpartum month: perceptions of
breastfeeding women. Joan Hailes and Sally Wellard
- Assisting women to establish breastfeeding: exploring midwives' practices. Ann Henderson, Jan Pincombe, Georgie Stamp
- Long-term expressing of breastmilk. Hayley Stockdale
- Does maternal obesity adversely affect breastfeeding initiation and duration? Sue Donath and Lisa Amir
- Winner of the Mary Paton Research Award
- Rates of breastfeeding in Australia: Evidence from the 1995 National Health
Survey
- Lactation courses, conferences and seminars
- Research summaries
- Letters to the editor
Top
- Breastfeeding - a gradual return to mother's autonomy. Suzanne G Cox and
Cynthia J Turnbull
- The counselling needs of breastfeeding women. Vicki Grieve and Tricia Howarth
- Breastfeeding and Chinese mothers living in Australia. Sue Diong, Maree
Johnson and Rachel Langdon
- Impetigo on the areola and nipple. Virginia Thorley
- Mary Paton Research Award
- Book Reviews
- Video Reviews
- Lactation courses, conferences and seminars
- Research Summaries
Top
- Breastfeeding and asthma in children: findings from a West Australian study. W Oddy
- Mary Paton Research Award
- Cultural beliefs and breastfeeding duration of Thai working women. P Kaewsarn, W Moyle
- The implementation of the HOT program at the Royal Women's Hospital.D Fletcher, H Harris
- An analysis of personal and social factors influencing initiation and
duration of breastfeeding in a large Queensland maternity hospital. T Papinczak, C Turner
- Book Reviews
- Letters to the editor
- Lactation courses, conferences and seminars, examinations
- Video Reviews
- Research Summaries
Top
- The HIV challenge to breastfeeding - Ted Greiner
- Mary Paton Research Award
- HIV and infant feeding: to breastfeed or not to breastfeed the dilemma of competing risks. Part 2 - Pamela Morrison
- WABA position statement on HIV and breastfeeding - World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action (WABA)
- Breastfeeding - Natural fertility control/LAM: an effective option - Barbara Gross
- Breastmilk and infection - a brief overview - John May
- Lactation courses, conferences and seminars
- Ready for birth -but what about breastfeeding - Jenni James
- Book Reviews
- Video Reviews
- Research Summaries
Top
- HIV and infant feeding: to breastfeed or not to breastfeed: the dilemma of competing risks - Pamela Morrison
- HIV and infant feeding: A policy statement developed collaboratively by UNAIDS, WHO and UNICEF, 1997 - UNAIDS, WHO and UNICEF
- Promoting breastfeeding in the neonatal intensive care unit - JL Wheeler, M Johnson, L Collie, D Sutherland and C Chapman
- An analysis of breastfeeding initiation in Tasmania by demographic and socioeconomic factors - Roger Hughes and Suzanne Cox
- Lactation courses, conferences and seminars
- Older babies who bite at the breast - Robyn Noble
- The "average" Breastfeeding Counsellor - NMAA
- Video Reviews
- Book Reviews
- Research Summaries
- Instructions to authors
Top
- Factors associated with initiation and duration of breastfeeding: a review of the literature - Jane A. Scott and Colin Binns
- Suitability of breastfeeding facilities outside the home: an audit of baby change rooms in shopping centres - Ellen McIntyre, Deborah Turnball and Janet E. Hiller
- NMAA National Breastfeeding Education - Family Project
- Lactation courses, conferences and seminars
- Orofacial exercises for babies with breastfeeding problems? - Anne Bovey, Robyn Noble and Marcia Noble
- The Blue Mountains breastfeeding friendly program - Kristine Lobley and Emma Walker
- Video Reviews
- Breasts, babies and universities: reflections of two lactating professors - Amanda Sinclair and Mary E. Black
- Book Reviews
- Health Professionals Project
- Research summaries
- 1998 Index
Top
- The economics of breastfeeding in Singapore - Doris Fok, Tay Guang Mong and Dominique Chua
- Book Reviews
- Developing effective interactions to improve breastfeeding outcomes
- Part 1: Moving midwives towards mothers' autonomy in breastfeeding
- Part 2: Antenatal empowerment of mothers for postnatal success in breastfeeding
Suzanne Cox and Cynthia Turnbull
- Breastfeeding a baby with gastric reflux - an Adelaide mother
- Breastfeeding and the use of recreational drugs - alcohol, caffeine, nicotine and marijuana - Janet Liston
- The engorgement enigma - Rebecca Glover
- Research summaries
- Video Reviews
Top
- The establishment and duration of breastfeeding. Part 1: Hospital influences - Alison Vogel and Edwin Mitchell
- The establishment and duration of breastfeeding Part 2: Community influences - Alison Vogel and Edwin Mitchell
- Breastfeeding, work and women's health among Thai women in Chiang Mai - Susanha Yimyam
- Courses/seminars/conferences
- Breastfeeding information and support services offered by Melbourne hospitals in antenatal classes- N Lowe
- Lactose intolerance- Laureen Lawlor-Smith and Carolyn Lawlor-Smith
- Letter to the editor
- Breastfeeding and the use of human milk - American Academy of Pediatrics
- Review
- Research summaries
- Index for 1997
Top
- Characteristics of lactation mastitis in a Western Australian cohort - Catherine Fetherston
- Management of lactation mastitis in a Western Australian cohort - Catherine Fetherston
- Survey results
- Courses/Seminars/Conferences
- Breastfeeding and HIV - Elizabeth Hormann
- Breastfeeding in Singapore - Doris Fok
- An analysis of breastfeeding print educational material - Anna Vnuk
- Book review; SIDS and breastfeeding
- Therapeutic teat use in babies who breastfeed poorly - Robyn Noble and Ann Bovey
- Inverted nipple with fatty plaques on areola and nipple - Virginia Thorley
- Research summaries
Top
- Guest editorial - J Akré
- Breastfeeding and formula feeding: a preliminary economic analysis - D Drane
- The needs of women who contact the Nursing Mothers' Association of Australia's breastfeeding counselling service - V Grieve, T Howarth, M Swallow, J Greig
- Lactational headaches - V Thorley
- Courses/seminars/conferences
- NMAA's Breastfeeding Consultancy Service
- Lactational failure caused by lack of glandular development in the breast - J Michell
- Psychological aspects of nipple pain in lactating women - LH Amir, L Dennerstein, SM Garland, J Fisher, SJ Farish
- Research summaries
- Conference report
- Video reviews
- Video hire from the LRC
- LRC research register
- Index for 1996
Top
Vol 4 No. 2 November 1996
- Editorial
- The effect of use of dummies and teats on orofacial development - D. Drane
- Breastfeeding education: meeting the needs of the expectant parent - J. Hanson
- Courses/Seminars/Conferences
- Australian breastfeeding rates: the challenge of monitoring - M. Lund-Adams, P. Heywood
- Effects of maternal pethidine on infants' developing breastfeeding behaviour - E. Nissen et al
- Reviews
- Letter to the Editor
- An early arrival: Sarah's story - E. Brown
- Adoptive breastfeeding: a personal experience - J. Lambert
- Expanding the WHO/UNICEF Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI): Eleven Steps to Optimal Infant Feeding in a Paediatric Unit - M. Minchin, C. Minogue et al
- Research Summaries
Top
Vol 4 No. 1 May 1996
- Guest Editorial - R. Escott
- A Review of Breastfeeding Practices in Hong Kong - 1994/1995 - Y. Chee, L. Horstmanshof
- Cross Cultural Practice and Its Influence on Breastfeeding - The Chinese Culture - D. Fok
- Letters to the Editor
- Adolescent Mothers' Experience of Parenting and Breastfeeding: A Descriptive Study - S. Benson
- Positioning and Attachment Checklist
- Courses/Seminars/Conferences
- Low Fat Diet and Exercise in Obese Lactating Women - R.L. Hammer, G. Babcock, A.G. Fisher
- Reviews
- Nipple Vasospasm in the Breastfeeding Woman - L. Lawlor-Smith, C. Lawlor-Smith
- Research Summaries
- LCs on the Internet
- Index
Top
Vol 3 No. 2 November 1995
- Guest Editorial - L. Huxley
- Perceptions and Correlates of Nipple Pain - J. Heads, L. Higgins
- Mastitis: Incidence, Prevalence and Cost - M. Evans, J. Heads
- Retrospect: Summaries of Papers on Mastitis
- Management Practices in Lactation - E. McIntyre
- Research Summaries
- Failure to Lactate - Two Cases Explained
- Courses/Seminars/Conferences
- Video Reviews
- NMAA Policy Statement on Breastfeeding
Top
Vol. 3 No. 1 April 1995
- Breastfeeding Research: Is It Needed And How To Get Started - A. Vnuk, C. Silagy
- Courses/Seminars/Conferences
- Factors Influencing Breastfeeding Initiation And Duration In A Private Western Australian Maternity Hospital - C. Fetherston
- Breastfeeding - Why Start? Why Stop? A Prospective Survey Of South Australian Women - G. Stamp, C. Crowther
- Women As Mothers: Mothers Through Their Own Words And The Words Of Others - V. Bundrock
- Research Summaries
- Breastfeeding Twins - Two Onto One Does Go
- Reviews
- Cup Feeding: An Alternative Method Of Infant Feeding - S. Lang, C. Lawrence, R. Orme
- Index to Volume Two
Top
Vol. 2 No. 10 November 1994
- Guest Editorial - Empowering Women to Breastfeed Successfully - K. Shelton
- Choosing to Breastfeed or Bottle-Feed - An Analysis of Factors Which Influence Choice - S. Cox, C. Turnbull
- Conferences/Seminars/Workshops/Courses
- Remedial Co-Bathing For Breastfeeding Difficulties - H. Harris
- Breastfeeding Triplets - It Can Be Done! - J. Duggin
- Eastern Europe: Breastfeeding in the Balance - E. Hormann
- News and Views
- Book Review
- Breastfeeding - What Happens During The First 12 Months - T. Lowe
- Mother-Friendly Workplace
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Vol. 2 No. 9 May 1994
- Guest Editorial - Ros Escott
- What's Happening At Government Level? - NMAA
- Breastfeeding And Public Policy In Australia: Limitations Of A Nutritional Focus - M. Morrow, S. Barraclough
- Lactation Courses/Workshops/Seminars
- The Extrusion Reflex - Its Relevance To Early Breastfeeding - J. Stephens, J. Kotowski
- The Immune System Of Human Milk: Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory And Immunomodulating Properties - A.S. Goldman
- Making The Who Code Work - WBW
- Transforming Health Colleagues Into Breastfeeding Advocates - WABA
- Letter to the Editor
- Book Review
- News and Views
- Video Review
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Vol. 2 No. 8 November 1993
- The Economic Value of Breastfeeding - S. Meershoek
- Just One Bottle... - A. Vnuk
- 10 Steps to Successful Breastfeeding - Literature Support - E. McIntyre
- Current Knowledge about Skin-to-Skin (Kangaroo) Care for preterm Infants - G.C. Anderson
- News and Views
- Use of Pacifiers and Breastfeeding Duration - C.G. Victora, E. Tomasi, M.T.A. Olinta, F.C. Barros
- Lactation Resource Centre - Guidelines and Functions
- Reasons For The Early Cessation Of Breastfeeding In Women From Lower Socio-economic Groups In Perth, Western Australia - V. Bailey, J. Sherriff
- Book Review
- Lactation Courses/Workshops/Seminars
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Vol. 2 No. 7 May 1993
- Breastfeeding Review - Editorial Guidelines
- LC,GP, BFC: Which Hat To Wear - W. Brodribb
- Regional And Socio-economic Variations In The Duration Of Breastfeeding In Victoria - T. Lowe
- Book Reviews
- Ultrasound Treatment For Breast Engorgement: A Randomised Double Blind Trial - Z. McLachlan, E.J. Milne, J. Lumley, B.L. Walker
- Weaning - J. Hill
- LRC Mission Statement
- Letters to the Editor
- World Breastfeeding Week
- APMAIF operating procedures
- Body Mass Index And Duration Of Breastfeeding: A Survival Analysis During The First Six Months Of Life - I.H.E. Rutishauser, J.B. Carlin
- News and Views
- Breast Disease: The Role Of The Nurse-Midwife - M.C. Brucker, M. Scharbo-DeHan
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Vol. 2 No. 6 November 1992
- Is There A Problem With Breastfeeding In Africa? - M. Kyenkya-Isabirye, H. Armstrong
- The Billings Ovulation Method And Breastfeeding - E. Hennell
- Chele Mermet Seminars
- A Community Hospital-Based Breastfeeding Counselling Service - E.R. Moore, M. Bianchi-Gray, L. Stephens
- Randomised Control Trial Of Breast Shells And Hoffman's Exercises For Inverted And Non-Protractile Nipples - J.M. Alexander, A.M.Grant, M.J. Campbell
- Book Reviews
- Lactation Courses
- News and Views
- The Transfer Of Alcohol To Human Milk - J.A. Mennella, G.K. Beauchamp
- Seminar Abstracts
- Derrick Jelliffe Memorial Fund
- Stripping Out Pus In Lactational Mastitis: A Means Of Preventing Breast Abscess - H. Bertrand, L.K. Rosenblood
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Vol 2 No 5 May 1992
- The ecological impact of bottle feeding - A Radford
- Initiating breastfeeding: a world survey of the timing of postpartum breastfeeding - Morse JM, Jehle C, Gamble D
- Human breast-milk contains bovine IgG. Relationship to infant colic? - Clyne PS, Kulczycki A
- The relationship between rooming-in/not rooming-in and breast-feeding variables - Yamauchi Y, Yamanouchi I
- Breastfeeding preterm infants - TR Gunn
- Weight gains in the breastfed baby - R Leeson
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Vol 2 No 4 November 1991
- A behavioural model for counselling the nursing mother - Davies JM
- Assisting the employed breastfeeding mother - KG Auerbach
- A randomised, controlled evaluation of early postpartum hospital discharge - EM Carty, CF Bradley
- Breastfeeding after breast reduction. Guidelines for mothers - Nicholson W
- Breastfeeding and child spacing: Importance of information collection for public health policy - R Saadeh, D Benbouzid
- The resumption of ovulation and mensrtuation in a well-nourished population of women breastfeeding for an extended period of time - P Lewis, J Brown, M Renfree, R Short
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Vol 2 No 3 July 1991
- Innocenti Declaration
- Results from the first year of the New Zealand cot death study - EA Mitchell, R Scagg, AW Stewart, DMO Becroft, BJ Taylor, RPK Ford, IB Hassall, DMJ Barry, EM Allen, AP Roberts
- Breastfeeding out of the closet - Leonard H
- Milk under the skin (milk blister) - a simple problem causing other breast conditions - Noble R
- "Relics" from the "scientific" Era - D Hubner
- Towards consistency in breastfeeding definitions - M Labbock K Krasovec
- The genuine liebfraumilch: a national treasure at risk! - M Minchin
- Breastfeeding management: helping the mother help herself - E McIntyre
- Observations of interactional strategies between parent and child in two Australian communities - Phillips V
- Non governmental organisation consultation on the preparation of Australia's Second Report pm the UN Convention on Elimination of all forms of discrimination against women (CEDAW)
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Vol 2 No 2 Nov 1990
- Neutralising activity against herpes simplex virus in human milk - I Lopez, M Quibriac, J Petijean, M Bazin, JF Duhamel, F Freymuth
- Priorities for national Health statistics - V Bundrock
- Growth and morbidity of breastfed infants whose mothers were using combination pills - Madhavapeddi R, Ramachandran P
- Infant feeding in Australia : An historical perspective Parts 2 & 3 - NE Hitchcock
- Safety and illiteracy: Breastfeeding still streets ahead - V Phillips
- Urban-rural differentials and determinants of breastfeeding in Western Jamaica - Melville B
- Breastfeeding: attitudes and knowledge of health professionals - T Lowe
- Expectations and experiences of breastfeeding in a primiparous sample - CA McMahon
- Lactation consultants and voluntary breastfeeding counsellors: complementary roles or conflict? - Phillips V
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Vol 2 No 1 May 1990
- Protective effect of breastfeeding against infection - P Howie, J Stewart Forsyth, SA Ogston, A Clark C du V. Flory
- Infant feeding in Australia: An historical perspective Part 1: 1788-1900 - NE Hitchcock
- Rise and fall of coeliac disease 1960-1985 - DA Kelly, AD Phillips EJ Elliott, JA Dias JA Walker-Smith
- The emotional experience of breast expression - JM Morse JL Boltorff
- Where the self-help group fits into the health-care scene: with special reference to NMAA - Phillips V
- Stress according to breastfeeding counsellors: a personal construct study - Hatherley PA, Diamond CTP
- Reproduction against the odds - A Prentice, A Prentice
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Vol 1 No 15 November 1989
- Science and the politics of breastfeeding birthright or birth rite? - TB Mepham
- The Lactation Resource Centre - P Lewis
- Children and milk - R Beckmann
- Success or failure with breastfeeding - K Fahy, J Holschier
- Development after exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyl dichlorethene transplacentally and through human milk - B Gladen
- Nursing interval and maternal responsivity: effect on early infant crying - R Barr
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Vol 1 No 14 May 1989
- Adolescent views on breastfeeding: a descriptive survey - M Wolinski
- Drugs and breastfeeding - R Batagol
- The effect of diabetes on lactation - P Hult
- Contanination of human milk - RS Belcher
- Positioning, attachment and milk transfer - R Escott
- Human imprinting and breastfeeding-are the textbooks deficient - EG Mobbs
- Suppression of puerperal lactation using jasmine flowers - P Shrivastav, K George, N Balasubramaniam, MP Jasper, M Thomas, AS Kanagasbhapathy
- How to evaluate breast pumps - M Walker
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Vol 1 No 13 November 1988
- Papers of the International Lactation Conference
- Speech to International Lactation Conference - N Swan
- The history of breastfeeding to c.1920 - V Fildes
- The subtlety of breast milk - Hartmann PE, Kent JC
- Breastfeeding protects against infections and allergy - Hanson LA, Adlerberth I, Carlsson B, Castrignano SB, Hahn-Zoric M, Dahlgren U, Jalil F, Nilsson K, Roberton D
- Breastfeeding, birth spacing and their effects on child survival - RV Short et al
- Nutritional components in human milk - Hambraeus L
- Breastfeeding: teaching the old art today - Naylor AJ, Wester RA
- "Thallikool" - Mangleson J
- What we don't know about breastfeeding - Renfrew MJ
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Vol 1 No 12 May 1988
- Psychosomatic factors in the choice of infatn feeding-a pilot study - I Soo
- Trace elements and human lactation - FJ Cumming JJ Fardy
- A history of breastfeeding - J Smibert
- Supporting breastfeeding of premature babies - W Nicholson
- Stress-induced cessation of breastfeeding - RHA Ruvalcaba
- Cool cabbage compresses - W Rosier
- Recurring mastitis, increased sodium and chloride levels and unilateral breast refusal: A case study - KD Briggs
- Putting the WHO code into practice: What can one person do? - G Walker
- Infant colic, distress and crying - P Hewson, F Oberklaid, S Menahem
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Vol 1 No 11 November 1987
- Cow's milk allergy in breast-fed infants: the role of allergen and maternal secretory IgA antibody - S Machtinger, R Moss
- Action on the WHO Code - G Walker
- AIDS and breastfeeding - M Townsend
- Hormones mood and sexuality in lactating women - EM Alder, A Cook, D Davidson, C West, J Bancroft
- Effect of early complementary feeds on lactation failure - I Lennon,B Lewis
- Breastfeeding following reduction mammaplasty - J Flack
- Unilateral failure of lactation after breast biopsy - TW Day
- Evidence for a protective effect of lactation on the risk of breast cancer in young women - A McTiernan DB Thomas
- Submission from the Nursing Mothers' Association of Australia to the Inquiry into Medical Education and the Medical Workforce - H Leonard
- Health care workers who breastfeed: implications for patient management - KB Auerbach, E Guss
- Composition of early human milk of Kenyan mothers of preterm and term infants - JNS Jitta, RN Musoke, NO Bwibo, J Kioni
- Nuclear medicine and the nusing mother - AJ Coakley, PJ Mountford
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Vol 1 No 10 May 1987
- Pregnancy, lactation and contact lenses (letter) - AJ Hanks
- Sleep/wake patterns of breast-fed infants in the first 2 years of life - MF Elias, NA Nicholson, C Bora,J Johnston
- Human milk banking - AF Williams, C Fisher, V Greasley, H Traylor, W Woolridge, D Phil, JD Baum
- Hospital breastfeeding protocols and conflicting advice - W Nicholson
- Guidelines for drug therapy during lactation - JA Johnston Balkam
- Growth factor concentrations and growth promoting activity in human milk following premature birth - LC Read, GL Francis JC Wallace, FJ Ballard
- Breast feeding, fertility and child health: A review of international issues - MJ Houston
- Breast milk lactoferrin levels in relation to maternal nutritional status - MR Houghton M Gracey, V Burke, C Bottrell, RM Spargo
- Breast-milk jaundice - D Brooten, L Brown, A Hollingsworth, J Tanis, S Bakewell-Sachs
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Vol 1 No 9 November 1986
- The effect of early feeding n the onset of symptoms in celiac disease - L Greco, M Mayer, M Grimaldi, D Follo, G de Ritis S Auricchio
- Jaundice in full term healthy neonates- a population study - JE Clarkson,. JO Cowan, GP Herbison
- Effect of supplemental fluids on human milk production - LB Dusdieker, BM Booth, PJ Stumbo,JM Eichenberger
- Cracked nipples in breast feeding mothers- a randomised trial of three methods of management - W Nicholson
- Infant physiology, nutritional requirements, and lactational adequacy - RG Whitehead
- A comment on Dr Whitehead's article - PE Hartmann
- The 'why ' and 'when' of introducing food to infants: growth in young breast-fed infants and some nutritional implications - MGM Rowland
- The role of allergy in diarrhoea : Cow's milk protein allergy - JD Gryboski
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Vol 1 No 8 May 1986
- Legal rights of breast-feeding mothers: USA scene - M Lofton, G Gotch
- A comment on the Australian scene in relation to Section 7 'Divorce/ custody and visitation' - A Stark
- Physiological basis of longitudinal changes in human milk yield and composition - PE Hartmann, CG Prosser
- Training neonates to suck correctly - C Marmet, E Shell
- Effective suckling and how to encourage it - M Mangelsdorf
- Brastfeeding in infants with Down's syndrome - ME Aumonier, CG Cunningham
- The growth of breast fed and artificially fed infants from birth to twelve months - NE Hitchcock, M Gracey, AI Gilmour
- Immunological protection of neonatal gastrointestinal tract: the importance of breastfeeding - GV JAtsky IB Kuvaeva SG Gribakin
- Development issues and the choice of feeding method of adolescent mothers - L Yoos
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Vol 1 No 7 November/ December 1985
- Breastfeeding- A new understanding - PW Howie
- Bonding-Obstetric fact or psychological fiction? - AJ Bowley
- Chemical contaminants in human milk - AA Jensen
- Facilities for working mothers to breastfeed children - V Phillips
- Breastfeeding by employed mothers: a reasonable accomodation in the work place - AL Katcher, MG Lanese
- Maternal employment and breastfeeding - KA Auerbach, E Guss
- Slow weight gain in the breast-fed infant: management options - MD Stahl DA Guide
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Vol 1 No 6 August 1985
- Breast milk feeding of sick babies - N Campbell
- Human milk in the management of protracted diarrhoea of infancy - PI Mac Farlane, V Miller
- Does the duration and frequency of early breastfeeding affect nipple pain? - M de Carvalho, S Robertson, MH Klaus
- Lactation in Australian women - PE Hartmann, JK Kulski, S Rattigan, L Saint
- The midwife-Help or hindrance? - RG Lipsett
- Induced lactation in nulliparous adoptive mothers - KA Ryba, AE Ryba
- Breastfeeding and sexual response - CE Kayner, JA Zagar
- Individual patterns of milk intake during breastfeeding - MW Woolridge, JD Baum, RF Drewett
- Developmental aspects of food sensitivity in childhood - T Foucard
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Vol 1 No 5 December 1984
- Breastfeeding RV Short
- Lactation in diabetic women - MJ Whichelow, MC Doddridge
- Critical weight loss in breast fed infants - RE Olson (ed)
- Breastfeeding: Attitudes and beliefs of an ACT sample of secondary school students - DJ Ellis
- Do we support breastfeeding mothers? - DJ Ellis, RJ Hewat
- Prevention of atopic disease in 'at risk newborns' by prolonged breastfeeding - L Businco, F Marchetti, G Pellegrini, A Cantani, R Perlini
- Breastfeeding: the quiet revolution at the Queen Alexandra division of the Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart - S Cox
- Bottle-fed infants are overdosed with fluorides - PRH Sutton
- Breastfeeding and Oral contraceptives: Tasmanian survey - JF Coy CH Mair DA Ratkowsky
- The psychology of breast-feeding - S Kitzinger
- Breastfeeding at work and nursing facilities in public places - PA Field
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Vol 1No 4 June 1984
- Costa Rica: Hospitals and health professionals promote breastfeeding
- Bivariate analyses of attitudes toward breastfeeding - JJ Counsilman, EV MacKay, RM Copeland
- Immunologic components in human milk during the second year of lactation - AS Goldman, RM Goldblum, C Garza
- Observations on breastfeeding technique: facts and fallacies - AM Schlegel
- Prophylaxis of atopic disease by six months' total solid food elimination - M Kajossari UM Saarinen
- The role of antenatal oestrogen in post-partum human lactogenesis: evidence from oestrogen-deficient pregnancies - RH Martin RE Oakey
- Breastfeeding and its promotion - LA Hanson, B Lindquist Y Hofvander, R Zetterstrom
- Re-education in sucking technique- a case study - H Wilson
- Release of oxytocin and prolactin in response to suckling - AS McNeilly, ICAF Robinson, MJ Houston PW Howie
- Nutrition study of lactating mothers in metropolitan Sydney - SJ Stuckey, I Darnton-Hill, RK Gillies, AS Truswell
- How much breast milk do babies need - RG Whitehead, AA Paul, TJ Cole
- Food allergy: two common types as seen in breast and formula fed babies. - JW Gerrard, M Shenassa
- The treatment of the asthmaticv mother during pregnancy and lactation - SL Spector
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Vol 1 No 3 November 1983
- Cow's milk proteins cause infantile colic in breastfed infants: A double blind crossover study - I Jakobsson, T Lindberg
- Supplementary water for breastfed babies in a hot and dry climate- not really a necessity - NM Goldberg, E Adams
- The real problems adversely affecting breastfeeding in Australia - G Walker
- A suggested role for precolostrum in preterm and sick newborn infants - DI Lewis-Jones, GJ Reynolds
- Effect of breastfeeding status on prolactin secretion and resumption of menstruation - BA Gross, CJ Eastman
- The influence of perinatal factors on breastfeeding - T Tamminen, P Verronen, S Saarikosi, A Gorannsson, H Tuomiranta
- Effect of maternal fluorine intake on breastmilk fluorine content - S Esala, E Vuori, A Helle
- Human milk banking S Lennox
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Vol 1 No 2 March 1983
- Prolonged breastfeeding as prophylaxis for recurrent otitis media - UM Saarinen
- Therapeutic ultrasound in post partum breast engorgement- clinical notes - M Shellshear
- Breastfeeding: reasons for giving up and transient lactational crises - P Verronen
- Mother milk and the Indonesian economy: A major national resource - JE Rohde
- Supplementary feeding and jaundice in newborns - A Nicoll, R Ginsberg JH Tripp
- NMAA as a self help organisation - V Phillips
- Breastfeeding and dental health - W Sih
- Design and evaluation of breastfeeding materials for medical students - DL Psiaki CM Olsen
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Vol 1 No 1 August 1982
- Extraordinary lactation: Relactation /Induced lactation. - KG Auerbach
- Concentrations of Ascorbic acid and vitamin A in lactating women using oral contraceptives. - F Cumming
- Breastfeeding among the Chinese in four countries. - Tieh Hee Hai Guan Koh
- Iron sufficiency with prolonged exclusive breastfeeding in Peruvian infants. - RA Pastel, PJ Howanitz, FA Oski
- Breastfeeding by a mother with cystic fibrosis. - MJ Welch, DL Phelps, AB Osher
- Infant feeding in developing countries: combating the multinationals imperative. - FC Steady
- Medication and breastfeeding mothers. - H Endacott
- Haemoglobin and heamatocrit levels in breastfed and bottlefed babies. - SS Hijazi, D Abdulatif, MS Tarawneh
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